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Carbon is one of the chemical elements. Along with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, carbon is a building block of biochemical molecules ranging from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to active substances such as hormones. All carbon atoms have a nucleus containing six protons. Ninety-nine percent of these also contain six neutrons. The 6 proton + 6 neutron atoms are said to have a mass of 12 and are referred to as 'carbon-12.' The nuclei of the remaining one percent of carbon atoms contain not six but either seven or eight neutrons in addition to the standard six protons. They have masses of 13 and 14 respectively and are referred to as 'carbon-13' and 'carbon-14.'

Colleges Near Woods Hole. Colleges and universities near me in the Woods Hole, Massachusetts area. There are 110 colleges within 100 miles of Woods Hole enrolling a total of 535,534 students. Located in Massachusetts with a population of 781, the closest colleges are ranked below by distance from Woods Hole. STIMSON envisioned the first 21st century quadrangle for the College. Conceived as a new green with uniquely crafted spaces that relate to their roots as a mountain school, this new quad presents a revelatory approach to creative outdoor gathering at ‘the ledges’ and the innovative management of campus runoff at the expansive stormwater garden. “Size matters” at this special speed dating event for well-endowed men and the women who love them. The New York Post went inside Hung Night — where the minimum penis size is 7 inches.

If two atoms have equal numbers of protons but differing numbers of neutrons, one is said to be an 'isotope' of the other. Carbon-13 and carbon-14 are thus isotopes of carbon-12. Isotopes participate in the same chemical reactions but often at differing rates. When isotopes are to be designated specifically, the chemical symbol is expanded to identify the mass (for example, ¹³C).

(Illustration by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Recommended

• Radiocarbon Web-info
  Web-info Radiocarbon from University of Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, New Zealand
• A.E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory at the University of Ottowa
  The Canadian Centre for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at the University of Ottowa.
• NOVA Interactive Radiocarbon
  An interactive introduction to radiocarbon dating via AMS at NOSAMS.
• How does Radiocarbon work?
  Scientific American Editor Michael Moyer explains the process of radiocarbon dating.

Both ¹³C and ¹⁴C are present in nature. The former accounts for about 1% of all carbon. The abundance of ¹⁴C varies from 0.0000000001% (one part per trillion, a small, but measurable, level) down to zero. The highest abundances of ¹⁴C are found in atmospheric carbon dioxide and in products made from atmospheric carbon dioxide (for example, plants). Unlike ¹²C and ¹³C, ¹⁴C is not stable. As a result it is always undergoing natural radioactive decay while the abundances of the other isotopes are unchanged. Carbon-14 is most abundant in atmospheric carbon dioxide because it is constantly being produced by collisions between nitrogen atoms and cosmic rays at the upper limits of the atmosphere.

The rate at which ¹⁴C decays is absolutely constant. Given any set of ¹⁴C atoms, half of them will decay in 5700 years. Since this rate is slow relative to the movement of carbon through food chains (from plants to animals to bacteria) all carbon in biomass at earth's surface contains atmospheric levels of ¹⁴C. However, as soon as any carbon drops out of the cycle of biological processes - for example, through burial in mud or soil - the abundance of ¹⁴C begins to decline. After 5700 years only half remains. After another 5700 years only a quarter remains. This process, which continues until no ¹⁴C remains, is the basis of carbon dating.

A sample in which ¹⁴C is no longer detectable is said to be 'radiocarbon dead.' Fossil fuels provide a common example. They are derived from biomass that initially contained atmospheric levels of ¹⁴C. But the transformation of sedimentary organic debris into oil or woody plants into coal is so slow that even the youngest deposits are radiocarbon dead.

The abundance of ¹⁴C in an organic molecule thus provides information about the source of its carbon. If ¹⁴C is present at atmospheric levels, the molecule must derive from a recent plant product. The pathway from the plant to the molecule may have been indirect or lengthy, involving multiple physical, chemical, and biological processes. Levels of ¹⁴C are affected significantly only by the passage of time. If a molecule contains no detectable ¹⁴C it must derive from a petrochemical feedstock or from some other ancient source. Intermediate levels of ¹⁴C can represent either mixtures of modern and dead carbon or carbon that was fixed from the atmosphere less than 50,000 years ago.

Signals of this kind are often used by chemists studying natural environments. A hydrocarbon found in beach sediments, for example, might derive from an oil spill or from waxes produced by plants. If isotopic analyses show that the hydrocarbon contains ¹⁴C at atmospheric levels, it's from a plant. If it contains no ¹⁴C, it's from an oil spill. If it contains some intermediate level, it's from a mixture of both sources.

The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery – exploring fundamental biology, understanding biodiversity and the environment, and informing the human condition through research and education. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the University of Chicago.

The MBL’s oldest and most singular strength is our convening power, attracting the world’s leading scientists and students to Woods Hole. The MBL draws a unique mix of researchers ranging from early-career scientists to Nobel Laureates, and students at levels from high school to postdoctoral. Their interactions have led to multiple, transformative breakthroughs in our understanding of biology. Once largely a feature of summers at the MBL, this convening power is now evident year-round. Well over 500 scientists and faculty are involved annually in our research and educational programs – some based at MBL full-time, some coming to the MBL for portions of the year, and some leading or lecturing in our broad range of research courses.

With a steady flow of students, scientists, and faculty participating in research projects throughout the year, enrolling in one of our research-based courses or thematic workshops, or spending an entire semester here, the special convening power of MBL is making our campus an increasingly vibrant and dynamic location year-round.

Leadership
Chairman of the Board of Trustees:Robert J. Zimmer
Director: Nipam Patel

MBL Scientists and Staff
The MBL has approximately 250 year-round employees, about half of which are scientists and scientific staff. These are joined each year by more than 500 scientists, summer staff, and research associates from hundreds of institutions around the world, as well as a large number of faculty and students participating in MBL courses (see below).

Award-Winning Science
Among the scientists with a significant affiliation with the MBL (scientists, course faculty and students) are 59 Nobel Prize winners (since 1929); 131 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators, early career scientists, international researchers, and professors (since 1960); 292 Members of the National Academy of Sciences (since 1960); and 236 Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1960).

Affiliation with the University of Chicago
The MBL and the University of Chicago formed an affiliation on July 1, 2013, that enhances both institutions’ missions of leadership and innovation in scientific research and education. The affiliation builds on shared values and historical ties between Chicago and the MBL, which was led by University of Chicago faculty members for the first four decades of its existence. The MBL is an independent 501(c)3 in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Major Research Areas
Research at the MBL – carried out by full-time MBL faculty as well as hundreds of the world’s leading scientists who are attracted by the MBL’s unique resources and strengths each year – focuses on a number of distinctive themes, including:

• new discoveries emerging from the study of new research organisms, encompassing studies in cell biology, regenerative biology, neuroscience, sensory physiology, and comparative evolution and genomics;
• the study of microbiomes and microbial diversity and ecology in a variety of ocean, organismal, and terrestrial habitats;
• innovation in imaging and computation, illuminating cellular function and previously unknown biology; and
• adaptation and resilience of environmental systems and organisms in the face of global change.

Dating At College In Woods Hole

Educational Programs
The MBL offers a range of courses, workshops, conferences, and internships throughout the year. Central to the MBL’s identity are its more than 20 advanced, discovery-based research courses. The focus of these world-famous, graduate-level courses ranges from physiology, embryology, neurobiology, and microbiology to imaging and computation integrated with biological research.

Each year, MBL courses attract about 500 of the best students in the world, from (in 2019) 344 institutions and 38 countries. Course directors and faculty are leaders in their fields, drawn from (in 2019) 225 leading universities and research institutions around the world. The courses also benefit from MBL partnerships with many commercial developers and vendors, who bring the very latest technology in advanced imaging and other scientific equipment to the MBL each year.

The MBL also offers research-based educational programs for undergraduates from the University of Chicago and many other institutions, including a Semester in Environmental Science, quarter-long courses, and mentored research internships. The MBL is also rapidly scaling up a high-school program for private and public school students. Like the more advanced courses, all educational programs and research internships at the MBL emphasize immersive, discovery-based learning.

In addition, the MBL hosts dozens of workshops, training courses, and conferences during all seasons of the year—accommodating more than 2,600 participants from around the world.

Resources
The Marine Resources Center is an advanced facility for maintaining, culturing, and providing aquatic and marine organisms essential to biological, biomedical, and ecological research.

The Genome Editing Core Facility supports researchers who are developing and testing new, genetically tractable research organisms, including cephalopods and other emerging systems.

The National Xenopus Resource breeds and maintains Xenopus (frog) genetic stocks; and provides training in Xenopus husbandry, cell biology, imaging, genetics, transgenesis, and genomics.

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The Library in the MBL’s iconic Lillie Building is run jointly with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and houses one of the world’s foremost print and electronic literature collections in the biological, biomedical, ecological, and oceanographic sciences.

The Library’s Rare Books Collection comprises approximately 5300 volumes of scientific books from the 16th through 20th century, including an extensive collection of oceanic voyages and expeditions, a first edition of Newton’s Opticks (1704), and an early encyclopedia of animals from 1560. The collections are available to scholars onsite and significant portions are available to researchers around the world through two digital initiatives – the Biodiversity Heritage Library (biodiversitylibrary.org) and the History of MBL repository (hpsrepository.asu.edu/handle/10776/9).

The MBL Archives contains, in addition to institutional records, a collection of scientific papers, an extensive photographic collection dating back to the founding of the institution, and other unique items including two Nobel Prizes and a complete collection of Rudolf Leuckart’s Teaching Wall Charts.

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Updated: 10/5/20